Ian Rumfitt (2000) developed a bilateralist account of logic in which the meaning of the connectives is given by conditions on asserted and rejected sentences. An additional set of inference rules, the coordination principles, determines the interaction of assertion and rejection. Fernando Ferreira (2008) found this account defective, as Rumfitt must state the coordination principles for arbitrary complex sentences. Rumfitt (2008) has a reply, but we argue that the problem runs deeper than he acknowledges and is in fact related to (...) the challenge of establishing proof-theoretic harmony. We motivate a distinctively bilateral criterion for harmony and show how the bilateralist can meet it. This also resolves Ferreira's complaint. (shrink)

In his Formalization of Logic (1943) Carnap pointed out that there are non-normal interpretations of classical logic: non-standard interpretations of the connectives and quantifiers that are consistent with the classical consequence relation of a language. Different ways around the problem have been proposed. In a recent paper, Bonnay and Westerståhl argue that the key to a solution is imposing restrictions on the type of interpretation we take into account. More precisely, they claim that if we restrict attention to interpretations that (...) are (a) compositional, (b) non-trivial and (c) in the case of the quantifiers, invariant under permutations of the domain, Carnap’s Problem is avoided. This paper has two goals. The first is to show that Bonnay and Westerståhl’s solution to Carnap’s Problem doesn’t work. The second is to argue that something similar to their proposal seems to do the job. The problems with Bonnay and Westerståhl’s approach trace back to issues concerning the (un)definability of subsets of the domain of first-order structures, as well as to the compositionality of first-order languages. After expanding on these problems, I’ll propose a way to modify Bonnay and Westerståhl’s account and solve Carnap’s Problem. (shrink)

According to inferentialists the meaning of logical vocabulary is given by the rules of inference governing its use. In response to a challenge posed by Arthur Prior, inferentialists have typically argued that not all sets of rules can define a connective. The project of determining which sets of rules are acceptable definitions has come to be known as the project of finding a criterion of proof-theoretic harmony. One of the best-known proposals is Neil Tennant’s. His criterion of harmony relies on (...) the notions of the strength of a proposition and the strength of a rule. In this note, I argue that Tennant’s appeal to the notion of the strength of a rule gives rise to problems that make his account unsustainable. I also argue that the sort of consideration that gets Tennant into trouble applies, more generally, to other so-called ‘local’ accounts of harmony, and casts doubts on the idea that we can uniquely determine the harmonious counterpart of a given set of rules. (shrink)

In a recent paper del Valle-Inclan and Schlöder argue that bilateral calculi call for their own notion of proof-theoretic harmony, distinct from the usual (or ‘unilateral’) ones. They then put forward a specifically bilateral criterion of harmony, and present a harmonious bilateral calculus for classical logic. In this paper, I show how del Valle-Inclan and Schlöder’s criterion of harmony suggests a notion of normal form for bilateral systems, and prove normalisation for two (harmonious) bilateral calculi for classical logic, (...) HB1 and HB2. The resulting normal derivations have the usual desirable features, like the separation and subformula properties. HB1-normal form turns out to be strictly stronger that the notion of normal form proposed by Nils Kürbis, and HB2-normal form is neither stronger nor weaker than a similar proposal by Marcello D’Agostino, Dov Gabbay, and Sanjay Modgyl. (shrink)

The article is focused in texts of three authors of "the generation of 98": Azorín, Unamuno and Valle-Inclán. In them we found ways and forms to experience time: the present time, novelty, hurry against cyclic time, "intrahistory" and tradition, permanence, private time and common time, the transcendence of the time..

En este artículo describiremos la vitalidad del sistema fonológico del mapudungun hablado por escolares pewenches de la Provincia del Biobío, VIII Región. Específicamente, nos hemos propuesto: a) Determinar los fonos/fonemas, y su fonotaxis, que se relevan como indicadores de vitalidad, b) Identificar las transferencias fonético-fonológicas presentes en la fonología del pewenche hablado por estos escolares y c) Interpretar las transferencias encontradas en términos del grado de vitalidad de la fonología de la lengua. La muestra está conformada por un grupo de (...) 20 escolares bilingües de entre 12 y 15 años de edad, que se encuentran cursando 7° y 8° año básico en escuelas rurales pertenecientes a dos comunidades pewenches del valle del Queuco, en la comuna de Alto Biobío. Para la recolección del material fonológico, se aplicó a los participantes una lista léxica de 65 ítems, material que se complementó con la narración oral en mapudungun de un cuento. Según nuestros datos, hemos podido constatar la existencia de una serie de rasgos fónicos en el mapudungun hablado por los escolares pewenches que obedece a la influencia de las estructuras fonológicas del castellano. Sin embargo, el grado y la difusión de los fenómenos de transferencia se desarrollan de manera heterogénea en ambas comunidades en estudio, debido, entre otros factores, a la intensidad del contacto. In this article we will describe the vitality of the phonological system Mapudungun spoken by Pewenche schoolchildren from the Biobío province, VIII Region. We intend: a) To determine the phones/phonemes, and their phonotactics, which are revealed as vitality markers. b) To identify the phonetic-phonological transferences which are present in the Pewenche spoken by these schoolchildren, and, c) To interpret the transferences found in terms of the degree of the language phonological vitality. The sample is composed of 20 bilingual schoolchildren from 12 to 15 years old, who are in 7th and 8th grade in rural primary schools belonging to two Pehuenche comunities from Valle del Queuco, in the city of Alto Biobío. To collect the phonological material, we applied a 64-item lexical list, which was complemented with the oral narration of a tale in Mapudungun. According to our data, we have been able to verify the existence of a series of phonic features in the Mapudungun spoken by Pewenche schoolchildren, which originate because of the influence of the Spanish phonological structure. However, the degree and spread of the transference phenomena develop in a heterogeneous way in both of the studied communities. due to the contact intensity, among other possible factors. (shrink)

Resumen: Heidegger practica un abordaje de la noción de discurso que, por la magnitud de su obra y por el carácter más o menos marginal que esta noción tiene en ese conjunto, no ha merecido todavía un tratamiento sistemático. En esta comunicación intentamos recoger algunos elementos relevantes de esa tematización y enfatizamos la relación que ella manifiesta con su temprana concepción de la significación. Concluimos que la tematización del discurso que Heidegger desarrolla se adelanta en décadas a lo que es (...) hoy la teoría contemporánea del discurso.: Heidegger makes an approach to the notion of discourse which, to de magnitude of his work and the more or less marginal character that this notion has in that group, has not yet deserved systematic treatment. In this communication we try to collect some relevant elements of this thematization and emphasize the relationship that it manifests with its early conception of meaning. We concluded that the discourse thematization that Heidegger develops is decades ahead of what contemporary discourse theory is today. (shrink)

Recommender Systems (RecSys) have been around since the early days of the Internet, helping users navigate the vast ocean of information and the increasingly available options that have been available for us ever since. The range of tasks for which one could use a RecSys is expanding as the technical capabilities grow, with the disruption of Machine Learning representing a tipping point in this domain, as in many others. However, the increase of the technical capabilities of AI-powered RecSys did not (...) come with a thorough consideration of their ethical implications and, despite being a well-established technical domain, the potential impacts of RecSys on their users are still under-assessed. This paper aims at filling this gap in regards to one of the main impacts of RecSys: personal autonomy. We first describe how technology can affect human values and a suitable methodology to identify these effects and mitigate potential harms: Value Sensitive Design (VSD). We use VSD to carry out a conceptual investigation of personal autonomy in the context of a generic RecSys and draw on a nuanced account of procedural autonomy to focus on two components: competence and authenticity. We provide the results of our inquiry as a value hierarchy and apply it to the design of a speculative RecSys as an example. (shrink)

RESUMEN La Estrategia socioeducativa para la familia en el uso de la tecnología sanitaria del lente de contacto, proyecto de investigación del cual derivan los resultados que se exponen en el presente texto; se instituye a partir de un nuevo algoritmo de trabajo por el optometrista, atendiendo a que con la terapéutica encaminada a contrarrestar las complicaciones que ocasiona el uso indebido de la tecnología se ha intentado minimizar las anomalías de enfermedades oculares. Su objetivo general se dirige a un (...) estudio social sobre la innovación, desde la perspectiva de las relaciones ciencia, tecnología y sociedad. El proyecto tiene carácter de innovación tecnológica de tipo Investigación aplicada. Sus resultados validan, desde un enfoque interdisciplinario, las influencias que cada contexto sociocultural ejerce sobre el desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología y los impactos sociales. ABSTRACT La The socio-educative strategy for the family in the use of the sanitary technology of the contact lens, research project from which derive the results that are exhibited in the present text; it is instituted from a new work algorithm by the optometrist, attending to that with the therapeutics directed to resist the complications that the undue use of the technology causes, it has tried to minimize the anomalies of ocular illnesses. Its general objectiv goes to a social study on the innovation, from the perspective of the relations science, technology and society. The project has character of technological innovation of type Applied Investigation. Its results validate, from an interdisciplinary approach, the influences that every sociocultural context exercises on the development of the science and the technology and the social impacts. (shrink)

Among the many applications of artificial intelligence (AI), virtual assistants are one of the tools most likely to grow in the future. The development of these systems may play an increasingly important role in many facets of our lives. Therefore, given their potential importance and present and future weight, it is worthwhile to analyze what kind of challenges they entail. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of the ethical aspects of artificial virtual assistants. First, we provide a conceptual (...) clarification of the term ‘virtual assistant’, including different types of interfaces and recommender systems. Second, we address three ethical issues related to the deployment of these systems: their effects on human agency and autonomy and the subsequent cognitive dependence they would generate; the human obsolescence that may cause a generalized extension of the dependence problem; and the invasions of privacy that virtual assistants may cause. Finally, we outline the debates about the use of virtual assistants to improve human moral decisions and some areas in which these systems can be applied. (shrink)

Heidegger practica un abordaje de la noción de discurso que, por la magnitud de su obra y por el carácter más o menos marginal que esta noción tiene en ese conjunto, no ha merecido todavía un tratamiento sistemático. En esta comunicación intentamos recoger algunos elementos relevantes de esa tematización y enfatizamos la relación que ella manifiesta con su temprana concepción de la significación. Concluimos que la tematización del discurso que Heidegger desarrolla se adelanta en décadas a lo que es hoy (...) la teoría contemporánea del discurso. (shrink)

Among the many applications of artificial intelligence (AI), virtual assistants are one of the tools most likely to grow in the future. The development of these systems may play an increasingly important role in many facets of our lives. Therefore, given their potential importance and present and future weight, it is worthwhile to analyze what kind of challenges they entail. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of the ethical aspects of artificial virtual assistants. First, we provide a conceptual (...) clarification of the term ‘virtual assistant’, including different types of interfaces and recommender systems. Second, we address three ethical issues related to the deployment of these systems: their effects on human agency and autonomy and the subsequent cognitive dependence they would generate; the human obsolescence that may cause a generalized extension of the dependence problem; and the invasions of privacy that virtual assistants may cause. Finally, we outline the debates about the use of virtual assistants to improve human moral decisions and some areas in which these systems can be applied. (shrink)

El artículo se concentra en un aspecto del diálogo platónico Ión, a saber, aquel que señala a la inspiración del poeta como un estado de posesión. Este estado es descrito como un proceso irracional que descalifica al poeta en su pretensión de dominar tanto alguna técnica como de poseer algún saber. La descripción de este estado se encuentra en el primer discurso de Sócrates en el citado diálogo y la intención del artículo es mostrar cómo esta descripción platónica de la (...) inspiración poética responde más a una invención que a una descripción veraz del proceso poético, a pesar de que Platón diga lo contrario. --- “The Poet’s Inspiration and the Platonic Fiction”. The paper is concerned with one aspect of the Platonic dialogue Ion, namely that which considers the poet’s inspiration as a state of possession. This state is described as an irrational process that undermines the poet’s claims to be master of some technique as well as knowledge. The description of this state is placed in Socrates’ first discourse in the abovementioned dialogue, and the intention of the paper is to show how this Platonic description of poetic inspiration is due more to an invention than to a true description of the poetic process, despite Plato’s opposing claims. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo se presentan algunos resultados obtenidos del estudio acerca de la configuración del Estado en el discurso político de las Madres de la Plaza de Mayo durante el 2001 - 2002. Para cumplir con lo enunciado, se realiza un análisis crítico del discurso con el objeto de identificar cómo el dispositivo utilizado por este movimiento social durante el periodo mencionado ocupa un conjunto de elementos discursivos que delimitan y/o fortalecen el sentido de la noción de Estado en (...) Argentina y, a su vez, conforman las relaciones de significación que este tiene para el desarrollo democrático de un país. (shrink)

This article contrasts Saint Augustine’s role in the creation of the Church’s theological dogma to Loyola’s modern gesture of independence vis-à-vis the Church. It then traces Loyola’s method to the core that grounds Descartes’ philosophical works. This core, I claim, is derived from Descartes’ understanding and imitation of the Spiritual Exercises. The Exercises obviate the Church by making it redundant, unnecessary. From this disavowal and distancing, Loyola gives the exercitant the psychological tools to emerge from the Exercises with a strong, (...) new sense of self that with time will transform the institution from within. In Descartes’ case, the moral subject capable of responding to the question of what God wants (the product of the Exercises) is displaced by the epistemological certainty necessary to create a new “Method” to study and understand the world. (shrink)

Crónica del homenaje que Richard Rorty, Gianni Vattimo y Michael Theunissen le rindieron a Hans-Georg Gadamer, por sus 100 años, en Heidelberg.

El presente trabajo tiene la finalidad de presentar una propuesta teórico-metodológica que profundiza los estudios acerca de la representación de los indígenas en los diversos relatos/discursos producidos por la prensa en América, desde la colonia hasta nuestros tiempos. Para cumplir con lo enunciado, se procederá a 1) presentar, por una parte, algunos antecedentes teóricos respecto a nociones como relación de sucesos, representaciones, prensa, discurso y poder; 2) se entregarán algunas referencias acerca de los avances de investigaciones centradas en el tema (...) de lo mapuche; y, finalmente, 3) se describirá una propuesta metodológica focalizada en un modelo de análisis del discurso que permita desarrollar de forma pertinente el estudio de la representación discursiva de la otredad/indígena en la prensa hispanoamericana. (shrink)

Informed consent forms have been useful in clinical practice and they constitute a part of the shared decision making in the informed consent process. They provide information to patients about clinical procedures and techniques. They also act as a remainder of the information discussed after the medical interview. Sometimes these documents are not readable to everybody. Belgian law specifies that all information that patients receive has to be proportionate verbally, but written information is also handled. The present research analyzes the (...) readability of the Flemish informed consent forms located in the webs of all General Hospitals using a simple random sample of 75 informed consent forms. By using the Douma tool, which bases its analysis in the length of words and sentences, the readability mean of the sample was 46, level “Difficult”. The 59% of them had a difficult level. The 11% were normal. It is a fact, then, that the 59% of the informed consent forms evaluated in this study are not suitable for everybody in Flanders, especially those people with low literacy. There were some researches made in other countries that agreed with these results. Written clinical information was poorly written so the informed consent forms were not working helping patients to recall information nor helping patients to become a part in the shared decision making about their health. The use of readability formulas represented a simple way to discriminate those informed consent forms that had normal readability scores from those that should be adapted. (shrink)

In this article, we first review the development of clinical ethics in pediatrics in the United States. We report that, over the last 40 years, most children’s hospitals have ethics committees but that those committees are rarely consulted. We speculate that the reasons for the paucity of ethics consults might be because ethical dilemmas are aired in other venues. The role of the ethics consultant, then, might be to shape the institutional climate and create safe spaces for the discussion of (...) difficult and sometimes contentious issues. Finally, we report how pediatric clinical ethics has evolved differently in a number of other countries around the world. (shrink)

This article develops the concepts of the public sphere, cultural malaise and social suffering in critical theory to think of social struggles as forms of social protest and political protest that occurred since October 2019 in Chile. The article explores the thesis on social discontent, which maintains that recent social struggles are a public expression of the unrest cultivated by processes of social modernization. According to the author, beyond the normative justification in reasons and arguments regarding the conditions of injustice (...) that affect the agents in struggle, the social critique emerges from the social suffering that finds its place in the materiality of the discourses, images and bodies in the public sphere. (shrink)